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NUREMBERG WAR CRIME TRIALS
The History Learning Site, C N Trueman, 6 Mar 2015. 16 Aug 2016.


The Nuremberg War Crime Trials were held between 1945 to 1949. However, the most famous trials at Nuremberg were those of the major war criminals and these were held from November 20th, 1945 to October 1st, 1946. The trials at Nuremberg held after these dates were for the so-called lesser war criminals.

As the war reached its end in 1945, the Allies had become aware of appalling atrocities that had taken place in Eastern Europe – what was later called the Holocaust. The outrage caused by these appalling discoveries led to a clamour amongst the Allies that those responsible should be brought to account along with those in the Nazi hierarchy who had waged war in general.

After initial disagreements with regards to how the Allies should punish those responsible for war crimes,President Truman gave his full support for a judicial process whereby those arrested would stand trial in public for the allegations made against them. Those men on trial would be given the opportunity to defend themselves.

The legal basis for the trial was established by the ‘London Charter’ which was issued on August 8th, 1945. This charter restricted the first trials to major war criminals from the Axis nations only. Therefore, allegations of Allied war crimes could not be heard. The court could only hear allegations of war crimes from September 1st, 1939 on. The legal jurisdiction of the court came from the ‘Instrument of Surrender of Germany’ which had transferred political authority over Germany to the Allied Control Council which was given sovereign power over Germany.

The city of Nuremberg was chosen for the trials of the ‘major war criminals’. Nuremberg had witnessed the infamous Nazi Party rallies and by holding the trials there, it would emphasise the party’s end. Also the large Palace of Justice had been largely undamaged by Allied bombing and it contained a large prison within its complex.

The first trials at Nuremberg were for 24 senior Nazis. The International Military Tribunal formulated four indictments, all or some of which were made against all 24 men. The four indictments were:

1) Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of crime against peace.

2) Planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crime against peace.

3) War Crimes

4) Crimes against humanity.





























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information

Details of the Trials, Interrogations Testimonies,  and Nazi Justice  
Holocaust Research Project   


More than 70 years later, the prosecution of a 94-year-old former SS guard renewed questions of how to assign blame for the Holocaust.  

Go to
Holocaust Tribunal
for the the IMT (International Military Tribunal) Series


The map shows how Germany was divided into occupation zones at the end of WW2.  In 1949 it was unified, excluding the Russian zone then known as East Germany and became the Federal Republic of Germany. Berln is the mmultinational area within the Soviet zone.  They were combined n 1990.

So, the end of WW2 saw the need to decide under who’s law Germans accused of war crimes should be charged.

 HISTORY CHANNEL, NUREMBERG TRIALS WORLD WAR II DOCUMENTARY
History Documentary Films, 2016 (45.07)

NAZI LEADERS ON TRIAL - NUREMBERG, 1945
Historical Documentary_
WW2 Footages of War Crimes
The Best Film Archives 2013, (1.14.57)

NUREMBERG (1996)
Avicenna by Heider Jeffer (2.59.34)




Hitler
Himmler
Goebbels


Committed suicide before the Trial

Eichmann

escaped to South America where he was captured………


Tried and executed in Israel in 1962,

Heydrich


Assassinated in 1942


Bormann, Martin

Nazi Party Secretary after Hess fled Nazi Germany. Not at the trial and sentenced in his absence. Bormann was not charged with Indictment 2

Death

Dönitz, Karl

Commander of Germany’s U-boats and initiated wolf-pack tactics.1943 on, led Germany’s Navy and succeeded Hitler on the death of the Führer. Dönitz was not charged with Indictment 4

10 years in prison


Frank, Hans

 Ruled occupied Poland. Not charged with Indictment 2

Death

Frick, Wilhelm .

 Minister of the Interior

Death


Fritzsche,,Hans

Radio commentator under Hitler. Not charged with Indictment 4

Acquitted


Funk, Walter

 Hitler’s Minister of Economics. Became head of the Reichsbank after Hjalmar Schacht. Released from prison  in May 1957 as a result of ill-health

Life in prison


Göering ,Hermann

 Commander of the Luftwaffe and various departments in the SS. Committed suicide just before his execution.

Death

Hess, Rudolf

Hitler’s deputy before his flight to Scotland

Life in prison.


Jodl, Alfred

 Senior army commander. Posthumously pardoned in 1953


Death

Kaltenbrunner, Ernst

 Highest ranking member of SS to survive the war. Involved with the Einzatsgruppen units in Russia and security in Germany itself. Not charged with Indictment 2


Death

Keitel, Wilhelm

 Head of OKW

Death

Krupp, Gustav

 Senior Nazi industrialiist

Medically unfit for trial.

Ley, Robert

Senior Nazi industrialist; commanded the German Labour Front

Committed suicide before his verdict

Von Papen, Franz

 Had served as German chancellor prior to Hitler………

Acquited

Raeder, Erich

 Led the German Navy up to 1943. Released from prison in September 1955 due to ill-health. Not charged with Indictment 4

 Life in prison


Ribbentrop, Joachim

Nazi Germany’s Minister of Foreign Affairs. ……….

Death

Rosenburg, Alfred

Nazi racial ideologist and Protector of the eastern Occupied Territories.

Death

Sauckel, Fritz

 Senior figure in the Nazi slave labour programme

Death

Schacht, Hjalmar

 Pre-war president of the Reichsback. Not charged with Indictments 3 and 4.


Acquited

Schirach, Baldur von

 Head of the Hitler Youth and later Gauleiter of Vienna. Not charged with Indictments 2 and 3

20 years in prison

Seysss-Inquart,

Arthur Gauleiter of Holland

Death

Speer, Albert

Minister of Armaments. Not charged with Indictments 1 and 2

20 years in prison

Streicher, Julius

 Not charged with Indictments 2 + 3. Found guilty of crimes against humanity. Editor of ‘Der Stürmer’

 Death


Click here for more information


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Subseequent War Crimes Trials


THE NUREMBERG WAR CRIME TRIALS


THE

INCREDIBLE

STORY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE